Types of Advertising Media Essay Example for Free

Types of Advertising Media Essay There are various types of advertising media through which companies can advertise products, brand and services, in order to promote their businesses. Ogilvy (1987) who is considered to be one of the pioneers of advertising and marketing concepts once stated in his book entitled Ogilvy on advertising that advertising is the promotion of companys or personal products, brands and services carried out primarily to boost sales and is extremely pervasive in todays society. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence many companies allot a considerable amount of resources towards advertising their products either by the print media, outdoor media and the broadcasting media advertising. Firstly, the print media advertising, in an research by Manohar (2011) entitled types of advertising media he noted that, the print media is achieve by promoting products through the use of newspapers and magazines, in which the media offers options such as promotional brochures and fliers to achieve their advertising purposes. Often, this type of advertising medium impacts a large portion of the advertising world through its daily publication that goes directly to the targeted customers. In addition to that, many local businesses use the print media to ensure that they capitalize on the advertising market, knowing that people read magazines and daily newspapers and are likely to come across advertisement that are strategically place there to capture their interest. The outdoor media advertising is also an important and very popular form for promoting products. Mentioned in an article by advertising- suite (2009) entitled types of advertising media the outdoor media makes use of several tools and techniques to targets the general public, but is achieved by way of placing advertisements on billboards, kiosks, moving transportation as well as events and trade shows. Terse and catchy phrases are implemented in this type of advertising media to grab the attention of the general public and effectively leave a lasting effects on them. Moreover, the outdoor advertising media is a fantastic medium businesses used to communicate their information strategies between themselves and intended audiences. Finally, another form of advertising is through the broadcasting media. The book entitled Broadcasting and Cable by Warner (1986) views broadcasting media as advertising that is electronically transmitted to people, it constitute several branches such as television, radio and the Internet. When companies advertise on television or radio they often rely on repetition of ads in order to gain consumers interest in their products. According to Hassam (2011) in an article entitled types of advertising media people spend considerable amount of their time watching television, browsing the Internet and listening to the radio and as such the broadcasting advertising media reaches a wider audience both nationally and globally. Moreover, it also gives marketing agencies the opportunity to be creative in effectively conveying their marketing messages through sight, sound and motion. Conclusion: The use of advertising media for many companies has been seen as an important component for their marketing tactics to promote businesses as well as to communicate their information efficiently. Advertising through the print, outdoor and broadcasting media have improve product sales, popularize companys name and brand value, if a product is advertised well and its information reaches to the masses, then the chances of more people getting to know about it spread. Thus, making advertising beneficial for the consumers, manufacturers and the advertising agencies within the local or the global market.

History of Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Caribbean Historical Essa

History of Slavery in the Caribbean The institution of slavery has played a major role in the history, and the shaping of the Caribbean. Therefore, in order to truly understand the Caribbean one must completely understand slavery itself. Slavery can be defined as belonging to a person, or being treated like a piece of property, and not having any individual freedom This was essentially the life many Africans lived for many centuries in the Caribbean . The master’s had total freedom and control over his or her slaves. As a result of this behavior they were able to run successful sugar plantations that resembled modern day factories. Until the end of the 18th century many sugar estates used the "gang" system. The owner treated hundreds of slaves as units of production. Many plantation owners had a very profitable and prosperous business, but it was expense of human lives. Slaves working in the sugar cane fields always faced the most brutal treatment. Due to the nature of cane farming, a lot of heaving lifting and back breaking cutting was necessary for many hours out of the da...

My American Dream

The American dream can have so many different meanings to so many different people around our country. This is what makes the American dream so wonderful, the fact that you get to determine your dream is in some cases the American dream for some people already! Luckily I myself am able to determine my American dream. I have always thought of my American dream of being able to live a simple life in which I am able to have a stable job that I enjoy.Most importantly though is I would like to not only have free time and do things that enjoy like watch my favorite sports team or spend time with my friends. Overall I guess you could just say that I would just like to live my life to the fullest. Some other things that I would like to be included in my American dream is being able to manage my time the way I want to, although this sounds like a very simple wish in my opinion people don’t realize how much time can dictate your life.So many times I find myself missing out on the opport unity to do something simply because there wasn’t enough time. Lastly but most importantly I dream of living a long-term healthy life because no matter what you wish for, you would never be able to enjoy it without your health. I believe that my American dream is reasonable and achievable and one day I hope to end up getting to live a life similar to this.

My Freshman Year What A Professor Learned By Becoming A...

â€Å"My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student† by Rebekah Nathan, is one of the best legitimate books about anyone’s freshmen year in college. As a sophomore, I can vouch for that. Nathan uses facts, multiple studies, and an ample amount of research to write a beneficial book to represent someone’s freshmen year of college. Nathan, after teaching for 15 years starts to wonder why fewer students are participating in class discussions, reading assignments, homework, attending class, being polite, and not coming to her during office hours. Nathan learns how to adapt to having different demographics than her peers, she learns how it feels to be an international student in the U.S., and she learns how to help her teach as a professor to how students act in present day. Nathan faced many social norm difficulties throughout her experience. When she first arrived at the university, she was mistaken as a mom multiple times because she did not fit the stereotypical freshmen figure. She was a middle-aged woman living in dorms with peers around her that were 18, 19, and 20 years old. To become involved with her classmates, Nathan begins to participate in activities held around campus such as football, volleyball, and ping pong. By doing this, she engages in conversations with freshmen. The same freshmen that were confused about a middle-aged woman living in a freshmen dorm with them. Her peers grew to know her from clubs and extracurricular activities, and becameShow MoreRelatedMy Freshman Year : What A Professor Learned By Becoming A Student Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pageseducation and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class a nd doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"even after my fiftieth birthday, I could still be a student, and treated by otherRead MoreMy Freshman Year Review By Rebekah Nathan Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesMy Freshman Year Review Preface While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"evenRead MoreEssay College Freshman Learning Communities841 Words   |  4 PagesFreshman learning communities (FLC) are programs where 15 to 30 first-year students register for several general-education courses that focus on a common theme (Jaffee, 2004). Although there are several different types of learning communities, they all are designed for the same purposes. One of the main purposes in implementing freshman learning communities is to assist the students in their transition to a new environment. This acclimati on involves becoming better acquainted with the other studentsRead MoreBecoming A Certified Public Accountant1720 Words   |  7 Pagesremember, my main goal in life was to always enjoy it. I have come to the realization that I am a simple man with simple needs. Through my past life experiences, I have determined that to obtain a comfortable lifestyle I will have to be employed in a career that is secure, but also a career that I enjoy. Deciding on a career is a personal and difficult problem for young people, however I believe my solution to this problem is to become a certified public accountant (CPA). In my Freshman Seminar, my professorRead MoreGateway Experience : Gateway Course864 Words   |  4 Pagesthis academic year, I was apprehensive about professors and how they would interact with their students. However, after meeting with my Gateway instructor and his teaching assistant, my apprehension subsided. Through meeting with my instructor and the teaching assistant, I was able to form a better understanding of what professors are there for. I was greeted with kindness and my questions never went unanswered. Furthermore, because of this experience, it became clear to me that professors are thereRead MoreEssay on What makes a first year college student successful?1412 Words   |  6 PagesFreshman year, the year of many first; the first time living away from home, the first time being away from friends, the first time a student has control of their own learning. Freshman year requires a lot of discipline, but a lot of students do not possess this trait. The factors that contribute to the success of first year college students are social support, comfort within the college environment, self control,responsibiliy and positive self concept. Being a college student could be very stressful;Read MoreBecoming A Successful And Responsible Adult1377 Words   |  6 Pagesstep closer to pursuing your dream of becoming a successful and responsible adult. With all of these feelings comes a lot of emotion. Transitioning is not as easy as some may think. Surprisingly, many students struggle with their first semester of college, leading them to think that college is not right for them in the first place. My experience transitioning from high school to college was a bit difficult. I was never taught how to prepare myself for what was to come. There is so much happeningRead MoreMy Quest For A College Degree971 Words   |  4 Pagescollege freshman year for graduating high school students, but there is little material aimed at the non-traditional adult student, especially one who opts to take online courses. My quest for a college degree has spanned two decades and has taken place in three different states. As I reflect back on my e xperience each time I rekindled my educational quest, it is surprising how many of the issues I faced were not that different from those of recent high school graduates starting their freshman yearRead MoreThe Book My Freshman Year By Barbara Johnstone And Charles Murray Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The book ‘My Freshman Year; What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student’ has become a bestseller and is has become a source of policy inspiration for college administrator. The book details the findings of a professor who goes back to college and lives as a freshman. She registers at Northern Arizona University and conducts her study as a part of the student body. She lives in a dorm and takes a whole course load. The result is that she is able to attenuate student issues in a way noRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s hard to say at what age people start to daydream about life’s possibilities. It must start early being as a child, I’ve always envisioned my future life to be like the stereotypical American dream. I may have inherited that dream from my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico at only 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream - - the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Gr owing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but one characteristic My Freshman Year What A Professor Learned By Becoming A... While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"even after my fiftieth birthday, I could still be a student, and treated by other students as, more or less, a peer†(Nathan, 2005, para. 71). She decided use her sabbatical to study campus life through a student’s viewpoint, instead of the professor-student perspective. In 2002, Rebekah Nathan, a cultural anthropologist, enrolled as a freshman in her own institution to conduct undercover research to better understand the undergraduate experience. Her observations and experiences are the basis for the book My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student. Nathan faced ethical questions in approaching this research project using an undercover method of observation: Did she lie to people? Was permission given by the university? How to handle the Research Board? Could she record her findings or conversations since she did not disclose her identity? Can an anthropologist really go â€Å"undercover†? These are a few of the concerns and criticisms the author faced during this project. Nathan conductsShow MoreRelatedMy Freshman Year : What A Professor Learned By Becoming A Student850 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student† by Rebekah Nathan, is one of the best legitimate books about anyone’s freshmen year in college. As a sophomore, I can vouch for that. Nathan uses facts, multiple studies, and an ample amount of research to write a beneficial book to represent someone’s freshmen year of college. Nathan, after teaching for 15 years starts to wonder why few er students are participating in class discussions, reading assignments, homework, attending classRead MoreMy Freshman Year Review By Rebekah Nathan Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesMy Freshman Year Review Preface While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"evenRead MoreEssay College Freshman Learning Communities841 Words   |  4 PagesFreshman learning communities (FLC) are programs where 15 to 30 first-year students register for several general-education courses that focus on a common theme (Jaffee, 2004). Although there are several different types of learning communities, they all are designed for the same purposes. One of the main purposes in implementing freshman learning communities is to assist the students in their transition to a new environment. This acclimati on involves becoming better acquainted with the other studentsRead MoreBecoming A Certified Public Accountant1720 Words   |  7 Pagesremember, my main goal in life was to always enjoy it. I have come to the realization that I am a simple man with simple needs. Through my past life experiences, I have determined that to obtain a comfortable lifestyle I will have to be employed in a career that is secure, but also a career that I enjoy. Deciding on a career is a personal and difficult problem for young people, however I believe my solution to this problem is to become a certified public accountant (CPA). In my Freshman Seminar, my professorRead MoreGateway Experience : Gateway Course864 Words   |  4 Pagesthis academic year, I was apprehensive about professors and how they would interact with their students. However, after meeting with my Gateway instructor and his teaching assistant, my apprehension subsided. Through meeting with my instructor and the teaching assistant, I was able to form a better understanding of what professors are there for. I was greeted with kindness and my questions never went unanswered. Furthermore, because of this experience, it became clear to me that professors are thereRead MoreEssay on What makes a first year college student successful?1412 Words   |  6 PagesFreshman year, the year of many first; the first time living away from home, the first time being away from friends, the first time a student has control of their own learning. Freshman year requires a lot of discipline, but a lot of students do not possess this trait. The factors that contribute to the success of first year college students are social support, comfort within the college environment, self control,responsibiliy and positive self concept. Being a college student could be very stressful;Read MoreBecoming A Successful And Responsible Adult1377 Words   |  6 Pagesstep closer to pursuing your dream of becoming a successful and responsible adult. With all of these feelings comes a lot of emotion. Transitioning is not as easy as some may think. Surprisingly, many students struggle with their first semester of college, leading them to think that college is not right for them in the first place. My experience transitioning from high school to college was a bit difficult. I was never taught how to prepare myself for what was to come. There is so much happeningRead MoreMy Quest For A College Degree971 Words   |  4 Pagescollege freshman year for graduating high school students, but there is little material aimed at the non-traditional adult student, especially one who opts to take online courses. My quest for a college degree has spanned two decades and has taken place in three different states. As I reflect back on my e xperience each time I rekindled my educational quest, it is surprising how many of the issues I faced were not that different from those of recent high school graduates starting their freshman yearRead MoreThe Book My Freshman Year By Barbara Johnstone And Charles Murray Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The book ‘My Freshman Year; What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student’ has become a bestseller and is has become a source of policy inspiration for college administrator. The book details the findings of a professor who goes back to college and lives as a freshman. She registers at Northern Arizona University and conducts her study as a part of the student body. She lives in a dorm and takes a whole course load. The result is that she is able to attenuate student issues in a way noRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s hard to say at what age people start to daydream about life’s possibilities. It must start early being as a child, I’ve always envisioned my future life to be like the stereotypical American dream. I may have inherited that dream from my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico at only 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream - - the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Gr owing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but one characteristic

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Colgate Precision Case Analysis - 1318 Words

Case Analysis: Colgate Precision Prepared for Instructor University Prepared by Student University October 19, 2011 INTRODUCTION Colgate-Palmolive has been researching and developing a superior toothbrush, the Colgate Precision, and as the Precision Product Manager I have overseen the development of the Precision from start to finish. We have been developing a technical innovation in the toothbrush industry, and with the product’s launch pending there have been several factors yet to be decided upon. With a tremendous amount of resources pooled into the development of the Precision and the recent competitive market we are launching it in, it is essential the positioning and branding of this toothbrush are executed†¦show more content†¦The brush will still be communicated to consumers as a design by Colgate, it will not be excluded from the packaging; therefore brand equity should not be a concern. The possible threat of a near saturated premium toothbrush market with Johnson amp; Johnson and Proctor amp; Gamble now entering the industry hopefully will be reduced with a brand focused on the spec ific product and not Colgate. Positioning the Precision Taking a multi-step approach to our positioning of the Precision is crucial to ensure that it exceeds initially and continues to thrive when introduced to a larger target market. As one of our competencies, the gum disease prevention and plaque removal effects, needs to be stressed to a target market that is interested in it. While it is also convenient for distribution purposes going to a niche position first can also reach those segments that are interested most in our product. I believe that through our in-depth research of developing a brush for the super-premium segments we should be reaching those interested in paying the premium price as well, which might not do so well initially selling to a mainstream market. Those going to a drug or food store would be more interested in finding a brush that is going to be of distinct value rather than a big retailer where one would find cheaper brushes attached to 2-for-1 deals and coupons. OnceShow MoreRelatedColgate Palmolive Company : T he Precision Toothbrush Case Analysis2312 Words   |  10 PagesColgate-Palmolive Company: The Precision Toothbrush Case Analysis Colgate-Palmolive Company (CP) launched a new toothbrush, Colgate Precision, to the market. But having developed for three years, CP was fiercely competing with other companies in the market. In order to have the power to fight in the highly competitive market with substantial product activity, Colgate-Palmolive Co. was in a problem of considering the how to position its new product--Precision, and to define the market strategy inRead MoreColgate Case Analysis1497 Words   |  6 PagesProblem The focal issue of this case is to determine the best marketing strategy for the launch of the new Colgate Precision. The issue can be divided into the following four major areas: 1. Positioning: Which market should be targeted? 2. Branding: Should Colgate make the most of the company’s brand? 3. Communication Promotion: How does Colgate distribute its advisement expenditures among products? How much should Colgate invest in advertising Colgate Precision? 4. Channel: Which distributionRead MoreColgate Palmolive Toothbrush Case Study1303 Words   |  6 Pagesreport is to analyze the two different launch strategies (as a niche or a mainstream product) for Colgate Palmolive s new toothbrush, Precision, and choose the one that is the most suitable in the face of the market competition and consumer needs. The report also aims to make recommendations for the positioning, branding, communication and promotion of the product under the chosen strategy. Situation Analysis Company: In 1991, CP held 43% of the world toothpaste market and 16% of the world toothbrushRead MoreColgate Palmolive7692 Words   |  31 PagesCOLGATE PALMOLIVE PRECISION TOOTH BRUSH Synopsis :- The analysis of the two different launch strategies 1. Introduction and Company Background. Colgate Palmolive was the global leader in household and personal products, with sales of $6.06 billion and gross profit of $2.76 billion, as in 1991. The company was also the No. 1 in US retail tooth brush market with 23.3% of volume share. The company had 43% of the world’s tooth paste market and 16% of the world tooth brush market. In 1991 there wasRead MoreTodays Segmentation Strategies of Colgate-Palmolive1207 Words   |  5 PagesWS1 Case Study Paper Indiana Wesleyan University WS1 Case Study Paper Colgate-Palmolive Company While many companies provide a similar product there aren’t any that share the same perspective when it comes to the sincere appreciation and willingness to provide like that of Colgate-Palmolive. Their mission statement is unique to them and simply states the following: As a company that strives to be the best truly global consumer product company, we are committed to doing business with integrityRead MoreColgate Palmolive: Marketing Strategies and Programs5256 Words   |  22 PagesCOLGATE PALMOLIVE Marketing Strategies and Programs Introduction Colgate Palmolive Company is a $17.1 billion global company serving people in more than 200 countries and territories with consumer products that make lives healthier and more enjoyable. This American  diversified  multinational corporation focuses on strong global brands in its core businesses – Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care and Pet Nutrition. Colgate follows a tightly defined strategy to grow market shares for key productsRead MorePoka Yoke Journal7518 Words   |  31 Pagesthe service provider an opportunity to rectify the problem. If they choose not to complain, they may remain with the provider, despite their dissatisfaction, or exit. Alternatively, if they complain they may also choose to stay or they may exit (Colgate and Norris, 2001). In order to balance the need for defect-free service and the inevitability of failure, organizations must be pro-active in anticipating likely areas of failures/complaints as well as anticipating the appropriate needs for recoveryRead MoreGlobal Marketing Summary Chapter 5-106416 Words   |  26 Pages †¢ Challenge is to recognize and respond to national differences that influence the way information is obtained Steps in the Research Process 1. Identify the information requirement 2. Define the problem 3. Choose a unit of analysis 4. Examine data availability 5. Assess value of research 6. Design the research 7. Analyze the data 8. Present the findings Step 1: Identifying the Information Requirement †¢ What information do I need? †¢Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesnumerous and diverse a brand s images are, the more difficult it is to coordinate them in support of a strong brand. 4. Complex Brand Strategies And Relationships There was a time, not too long ago, when a brand was a clear, singular entity. Colgate, for example, was a brand name that simply needed to be defined, established, and nurtured. Today, the situation is far different. There are subbrands, brand extensions, ingredient brands, endorser brands, and corporate brands. The Coke logo can beRead MoreSamsung and Financial Crisis Case Study11108 Words   |  45 Pagesindicators. Brand-self connection is a core component of attachment since it centrally reflects the definition of attachment as the bond connecting the individual with the brand. However, we suggest that the inclusion of brand prominence adds precision in measuring the â€Å"strength† of the bond connecting the brand with the individual. This is so for two reasons. First, when thoughts and feelings about the brand are highly accessible, prominence may exert a disproportionately strong influence

DNA profiling for crime investigation free essay sample

Abstract— DNA profiling also called as DNA typing or Gene fingerprinting has been used as a powerful process for identification of humans. Many countries around the world where forensic databases have created to store DNA patterns(DNA profiles) of crime scenes in order to put the actual criminals behind the bars and free the innocent who have been kept in jails for years without any real evidence of crime. DNA profiling is not just limited in crime investigations but have got many other applications as to detect paternity child case investigation, Huge mass detection in big disasters, to detect severe diseases beforehand like cancer, diabetes etc. In Forensic Science, manual investigation has to be automated in a way to store more and more DNA profiles in database so that crime rate reduces at higher pace. Keywords— DNA, DNA Profiling, Forensic Science, CODIS, DNA Testing I. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequencing is well established process that is used to identify individuals especially in forensic DNA analysis that involves crime investigation. At first glance question arises in mind why just a DNA sequence is considered for crime investigation process though there are other software present that can identify a criminal like Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Iris Recognition Systems, Palm Recognition Systems, Retina recognition systems, Thumb recognition systems and others. Actually what happens is when crime scene happened the criminals are very sharp because they do know the investigations will get started and it’s not so simple to run away from crime scene? So they tried not to leave any kind of fingerprints. At this time DNA profiling plays a vital role to investigate these situations and get precise and accurate results in the form of perfect match of DNA sample. Genetic tests have been widely used for forensic evidences and mass- fatality identification (terrorist attacks, airplane crash, and tsunami disaster. Genetic testing results are integrated with information collected by multidisciplinary teams composed of medical examiners, forensic pathologists, anthropologists, forensic dentists, fingerprint specialists, radiologists and experts in search and recovery of physical evidence. Large scale tissue sampling and long-term DNA preservation under desiccation conditions with potential applications in mass fatalities has been recently described [2-4]. In this paper, we present an overview of current research in Forensic Science. Section II states the problem statement. Section III outlines the brief literature review on DNA, DNA Testing, Profiling and DNA Typing. Section IV describes the methodology of DNA Profiling, CODIS System. In Section V, we conclude with a summary of current problems in DNA Profiling in terms of cost and. time effectiveness. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION Considering DNA Profiling for crime investigation, instead of other biometrics like fingerprints Using cost effective and efficient system so that the real criminals can be traced out. III. Literature Review DNA is a molecule of life and main property of DNA is that is unique and found in all living organisms including virus. DNA is a double helix structure means containing two strands with four bases named as Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine which are held together with the help of bonds. These base pairs are connected to ribose and phosphate molecule. User can have a better view of this DNA double helix from the figure given below. Figure Structure of DNA molecule As DNA is unique for each individual and it contains millions of nucleotide base pairs (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine). An individual DNA is made up of half of the DNA from father and half from mother so DNA testing process is used to know the evidence of paternity of children. DNA is located in most of the human body parts like blood, saliva, hair roots, white blood cells and body tissues which can be DNA profiled. In this way genetic information is taken from the samples during crime scenes and then investigated for the evidence of the criminal. A. What is DNA DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a hereditary material which is found in all living organisms including virus. It is located in the cells within nucleus that contains genetic information in which many hidden secrets are waiting to be explored. DNA contains 3 billion base pairs Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine(C) and Guanine (G) which are held together by strong hydrogen and covalent bonds. It is a ladder like structure vertical bars seems like pillars are made up of ribose and phosphate ions. The rungs of the ladder are composed of nucleotide base pairs which is actually needed to be stored as encrypted code in the database to process and identify people who are involved in crime or escape the innocent who have been in jail for years without committing any crime but after their DNA typing is being done will proved them for 100% accuracy that are not the suspects of crimes. B. Forensic DNA Procedures Personal identification is conducted using special biological features like DNA, saliva, blood, etc. ), physiological features like fingerprints, eye irises and retinas, hand palm and facial features), behavioural characteristics including lip motion, dynamic signature. DNA plays a vital role in identification of individuals in which genetic patterns of inheritance are used as markers for unique identity of individuals. All humans have 99% same DNA sequences and still they have got millions of genetic differences. C. What is DNA Profiling DNA profiling, otherwise known as DNA testing or genetic fingerprinting, is the process of identifying an individual from their unique sequence of loci (part of the chromosome), gained by accessing a sample of the individual’s DNA [5]. Profiling is used by forensic scientists to find the identity of those involved in criminal activity. DNA Profiling which may also called as DNA typing or Genetic fingerprinting has been evolved as a revolutionary, powerful and reliable identification tool which has got lots of applications. As far as other identification tools are also widely used for identification purpose like for example Finger Print Recognition System, Iris Recognition System, Palm Recognition System and Voice Recognition System etc. , all of these application softwares are implemented to solve real world problems especially for security purpose. DNA profiling is widely used in crime investigations, Paternity of child, Medical diagnosis and many others. DNA sequencing needed to increase the processing speed for sequencing the nucleotide base pairs. DNA profiling is done by many techniques and still researchers are trying to invent cost effective and speedy techniques to process the DNA sequence in less time and give accurate result in the form of perfect match. These techniques like STR (Short Tandem Repeat profiling), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and many others that involved the examination of successive regions of DNA. There is a population database that might be involved in crimes or might not be involved. The distribution of DNA sequence which has been got from DNA profiling techniques are examined and will relate to the given DNA database to get the indication whether that DNA is related to the population sample present already in the database. D. DNA Typing 99. 9% of the DNA from two people will be identical. [6]The 0. 1% of DNA code sequences that vary from person to person is what makes us unique [6]. These sequences are called genetic markers, and are the part of the code that forensic scientists use when doing a DNA test [6]. It is a process of extraction of DNA fragments from reference sample found at the crime scene which is further analyzed and processed by many optimization techniques which will be discussed in later section. Then it will generate a genotype pattern in encrypted form that can be read and stored in computer system as National DNA Database. This unique pattern of DNA that is used for accurate identification of a person is called as DNA Profile which is unique for each individual with the exception of DNA profile that is derived from identical twins. DNA Testing DNA is very powerful and efficient tool for identification and has got many other applications [6]. Some of the uses are given below: 1) Parental Testing: It is used to know if someone is real father of a child or not. 2) Forensic testing: It is used crime investigation. 3) Gene therapy: It is used to establish birth defects and to test parents for genetic conditions. 4) Genetic genealogy: It is used to know more about someone’s ancestry. IV. Methodology A. Process Of DNA Profiling (Crime Investigation) Take a reference sample of tissue found in crime scene, cut the DNA into fragments using biological techniques that might include RFLP(Reduced Fragment Length Polymorphism) after that do PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis of DNA fragments which will create copies of DNA alleles or loci (specific location in chromosome) which represent Genotype data which will going to be converted to encrypted genetic code which computer , in case of crime investigation, analyst will use CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). CODIS has incorporated two databases the one includes the genetic information of DNA sample which is a reference sample and other database included a population sample. CODIS will automatically process the sample DNA for the match if match found with population database then it will generate profile of the suspect accordingly. Figure Process of DNA Profiling V. Conclusion DNA profiling which is used in forensic evidences needed to be proficient in examining the suspect of crime. The problem encountered in DNA profiling is the techniques which take much time to read the genetic code sequence. It takes exponential time to handle the DNA structure during testing and validation phase to ensure that the particular DNA belongs to right person or not. There should be a procedure to knock out this lengthy procedure and use some other technology that could be nanotechnology which is again a vast field to explore the things out to solve our real life problems. What if system read the sequence directly from DNA instead of going through big lengthy complicated and time consuming procedures avoiding Petri Dish Testing of blood samples? Acknowledgment I would like to extend our heartiest gratitude to Dr. Maqbool Sheikh, for his invaluable guidance, inspirations and timely suggestions which facilitated the entire process of bringing out this research on â€Å"DNA Profiling for Crime Investigation†. It would have been really hard to complete this project successfully without the directions of Dr. Maqbool Sheikh.